Illustrated Guide to Bao Rules

01

What are you trying to do?

Bao la Kiswahili is a two-player mancala game played with 64 kete (seeds or pieces). You move pieces around your own two rows and capture pieces from the opponent’s front row.

Empty the opponent’s front row

If all eight pits in the opponent’s front row become empty, you win—even during a move.

Leave the opponent without a move

You also win if the opponent has no legal move on their turn. Having no capture is different: a non-capturing move may still be available.

Every pit a1–a8 contains zero. South’s A4 contains 3. — North’s front row is empty: South wins. Only the front rows are shown.

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02

Read the board

The board has four rows of eight pits. Each player uses the two rows nearest them. The front rows face each other in the middle; the back rows are on the outside.

Rows from top to bottom: b8 to b1, a8 to a1, A1 to A8, B1 to B8. A5 and a5 are square houses. — South uses A (front) and B (back). North uses a (front) and b (back). The green bands are the front rows.

kete: The playing pieces. All pieces are interchangeable; the pit they occupy determines whose side they are on.
nyumba: The house: the fifth front-row pit from each player’s own left, A5 or a5. It has special rules while owned.
kichwa: The entry pits at the two ends of the front row: A1/A8 or a1/a8. Captured pieces enter here.
kimbi: The pits next to the entry pits: A2/A7 or a2/a7. Like the ends, they constrain the entry side for captures.

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03

Set up the pieces

Put 6 pieces in your nyumba, and 2 in each of the next two pits to your own right.
Keep the remaining 22 pieces in your hand. The back row starts empty.
South moves first. The players then alternate turns.

A5 and a5 hold 6 each; A6, A7, a6, a7 hold 2 each; all other pits are empty. — Each player starts with 10 pieces on the board and 22 in hand: 32 each, 64 altogether. The game sets this up for you.

First phase: namua

Use one piece from your hand at the start of each turn. It must be placed in a permitted occupied front-row pit.

Second phase: mtaji

Once both hands are empty, play continues using only the pieces on the board. If the game has not ended earlier, this happens after 44 turns in total.

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04

Sow, continue, stop

To sow, lift the required pieces and drop one into each successive pit. Stay within your own two rows: at the end of the front row, turn into the back row, then return at the other end.

The example below is a non-capturing mtaji move. Only South’s two rows are shown. RIGHT travels rightward along the front row and leftward along the back row; LEFT follows the reverse route.

A3 holds 3 and A6 holds 2. Arrows lead from A3 through A4 and A5 to A6. — ① Lift all 3 pieces from A3. Put one each in A4, A5 and A6. The first piece goes into the next pit, not back into A3.

A4 and A5 now hold 1 each. A6 holds 3. Arrows continue through A7 and A8 into B8. — ② The last piece lands in occupied A6, making 3. Lift all 3 and continue in the same direction: A7, A8, B8. This is relay sowing.

A4, A5, A7, A8 and B8 each hold 1; A3 and A6 are empty. B8 is highlighted. — ③ B8 was empty before the last piece arrived. It now holds 1, so this move ends and the opponent takes a turn.

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05

Namua: use a piece from hand

First, look for a capture

Find an occupied pit in your front row facing an occupied pit in the opponent’s front row. If any such pair exists, you must choose a capture. Add one piece from hand to your pit, then take every piece from the facing opponent pit.

If there is no capture: takata

Takata is a non-capturing move. Add one piece from hand to a permitted occupied front-row pit, lift its contents, then sow left or right. Continue relay sowing when required.

Which pits may start a namua takata?

Start in the front row, never in an empty pit or the back row.
Normally choose a pit holding at least 2 pieces before the addition. A 1-piece pit is permitted when no eligible front-row starting pit holds 2 or more, or while you still own your nyumba.
An owned nyumba holding 6 or more cannot normally be the starting pit. If it is the only occupied front-row pit, use the special two-piece start described below.
If your only occupied front pit is an end pit, you cannot start by emptying it toward the back row.

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06

Capture and choose an entry side

Captured pieces move from the opponent’s front row to your side. Place the first captured piece in the chosen kichwa itself, then continue inward along your front row. Your capturing pit keeps the pieces already in it.

Here is a namua example. Only the front rows are shown; these are explanatory positions, not the initial setup.

Before the move: South A4 has 2; North a5 has 3 and a1 has 1. — ① A4 holds 2 and the facing a5 holds 3. Add one piece from your hand to A4, making 3.

a5 is now empty; A4 holds 3. The captured 3 pieces are temporarily in transit to A1. — ② Lift all 3 pieces from a5. A4 keeps its 3. This example chooses the left entry, A1.

A1, A2 and A3 now contain 1 each; A4 still contains 3. North a5 is empty. — ③ Put one captured piece in A1, then one in A2 and A3. A3 was empty, so this move stops there.

The entry side is not always a free choice

Capture at your own pit 1 or 2: enter at your left kichwa, pit 1.
Capture at your own pit 7 or 8: enter at your right kichwa, pit 8.
At pits 3–6, the first capture of a namua move allows either side. Later captures, and mtaji captures, preserve the current sowing direction at these middle pits.

When does a later capture happen?

During a capturing move, the last piece must land in your front-row pit that already contained pieces, and the facing opponent pit must also contain pieces. Capture before considering relay sowing. Repeat this check after each sowing run.

At kichwa or kimbi, the forced entry side can change the direction. At the middle pits it stays the same. If you empty the opponent’s last occupied front pit, the game ends immediately, before sowing the captured pieces.

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07

Mtaji: play from the board

Both hands are now empty. Do not add a piece. Choose a legal starting pit with at least 2 pieces, lift all of them, and sow from the next pit. Capture remains compulsory whenever a capturing move exists.

Look for a starting pit with 2–15 pieces, in either your front or back row.
A capturing start must end its first sowing run in an already occupied front-row pit facing an occupied opponent pit. Choose one of these starts if any exist.
If none exist, play a takata. Use a front-row pit with at least 2 pieces when available; use the back row only when the front row has no such starting pit.
Continue sowing and checking the last pit under the same capture / relay / stop principles. A takata never captures during the turn.

Large piles, end pits and no legal move

Under this adopted baseline, a pit with 16 or more pieces cannot start a capturing move, but may start a takata if the other conditions allow it. Empty pits and 1-piece pits cannot start any mtaji move.

If every one of your 16 pits holds at most 1 piece, you have no legal move and lose. The restriction against emptying your sole occupied end pit toward the back row also applies to takata.

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08

Nyumba: the house

A5 and a5 are the house positions. At the start, each is owned and holds 6 pieces. The position remains a house-shaped pit even after its special status is lost.

Finishing a namua sowing run at your house

The following applies when your owned house holds at least 6 pieces after the last piece arrives.

During a takata: stop there. You do not lift the house contents to continue.
During a capturing move, if the facing opponent pit contains pieces: capture first. You cannot choose to stop instead.
During a capturing move with no capture available there: choose NYUMBA STOP to keep the house, or NYUMBA USE to lift its contents and continue in the same direction, giving up its special status.

The two-piece start

In namua, if you cannot capture and your owned house is the only occupied pit in your front row, add one piece from hand to the house, then take just 2 pieces from it and sow them left or right.

After the special start, A5 holds 5, A6 and A7 hold 1 each. The house was not emptied. — Starting with 6 in the house: add 1, sow 2, leave 5. Here, one piece goes to A6 and one to A7. Only South’s rows are shown.

Ownership, fewer than 6 pieces, and mtaji

When the owned house is the only occupied front-row pit, this implementation offers the two-piece start regardless of its count. The guide confirms the example starting with at least 6; the boundary starting with 5 remains unresolved.

The two-piece start does not empty the house. When it drops below 6, the stopping rules that require 6 or more do not apply. Under the adopted baseline, if ownership remains and it later reaches 6 again in namua, those rules can apply again.

Losing all house pieces to a capture, or choosing NYUMBA USE, removes ownership. The first mtaji capture removes ownership on both sides. An owned house is exempt from takasia; an unowned house position can be restricted as an ordinary pit. The namua two-piece start and optional house stop do not apply in mtaji.

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09

Takasia: a one-turn restriction

Takasia restricts one front-row pit for the opponent’s next mtaji turn only. It does not remove pieces or prevent pieces being sown into that pit.

When does it apply?

Check the position after a completed mtaji takata, while the game is still ongoing.
The next player has no move that captures on its first sowing run.
If the player who just moved could move again in that same position, their first-sowing captures would target exactly one opponent front-row pit. Several possible moves may all target that same pit.
If that pit is not exempt below, it becomes the target for the next turn. Establishment is checked now, not by predicting the position after the opponent’s response.

What changes at the pit marked T?

You cannot start this takata from the target. Choose another legal starting pit.
When passing through the target, drop one piece there and keep going.
If the last piece lands in the target, leave all pieces there and end the move, regardless of the resulting count. This also applies when starting from a nyumba.
The restriction expires when that turn ends. If this move establishes a new takasia against the opponent, a new target replaces it.

E30: North a4 has 2 and is marked T. North may start from a8 or a5, but not a4. Both house positions are unowned. — ① Sourced position E30. After South’s leftward takata from A7, North’s a4 is restricted. a5 is an unowned ordinary pit. This is not evidence of reachability from the initial setup.

E30 response: sow left from North a8. The last piece of the fifth sowing run lands in a4, making 5. Leave all 5 there and stop. — ② North replies LEFT from a8. The fifth sowing run ends at a4 with 5 pieces, so no relay follows. The diagram shows the stop before expiry; the restriction then clears and South takes the turn.

Exempt pits and phase boundaries

Takasia does not apply if the candidate holds only 1 piece, is the defender’s only occupied front-row pit, is their only front-row pit with at least 2 pieces, or is an owned nyumba. An unowned house position is treated as an ordinary front-row pit.

It is not newly established merely by a namua takata entering mtaji, after a mtaji capturing move, or after the game ends.

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10

Use the game screen

Choose computer or local two-player mode. Against the computer, choose a difficulty and whether you play first (South) or second (North), then press START GAME.
Tap or click a highlighted pit, then choose one of the moves displayed below the board. The game shows legal choices and carries out the sowing automatically.
HAND is the number of pieces still in hand. NAMUA / MTAJI shows the phase. NEW GAME ends the current game and returns to setup after confirmation when needed.

LEFT / RIGHT: The sowing circuit, from the player’s own viewpoint: LEFT goes left along the front row, RIGHT goes right. The back-row travel direction is reversed. North is also reversed on screen.
LEFT CAPTURE / RIGHT CAPTURE: In namua, these select the left / right entry for captured pieces. In mtaji, the direction describes the initial sowing from your chosen pit; the later capture entry follows the capture rules.
T / TAKASIA: A dotted ring and T mark identify the takasia target. Below the board, its pit name and one-turn restriction are shown. Older records replay without takasia, with their rule version displayed in the replay panel.
NYUMBA STOP / NYUMBA USE: When offered with a move, STOP chooses to stop at an eligible house; USE chooses to empty it and continue. You select this with the move before its animation.

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11

Rules used here and sources

This is an illustrated explanation of the rules used by this browser game. It follows the Japanese guide v0.2.0 at the fixed reference below, including takasia. Version 1 game records replay under their original R-002 rules. It is not a claim to be an official rulebook for every region or tournament.

Takasia follows the conditions and exemptions adopted in v0.2.0. Landing the last piece in the target also stops a move started from a nyumba.
The game limits continuing relay processing to 512 iterations. If a move reaches that limit while still continuing, the implementation ends the game as a loss for the moving player. This protects browser operation; it is not a general human-play rule.
The reference remains a draft. It has not yet received external player / researcher review, and some details differ between sources. Follow the rules explicitly chosen by your tournament or playing group when playing elsewhere.

Fixed reference: Bao la Kiswahili Japanese Complete Guide
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Game rule baseline and known differences

Credits and reuse

Based on the rule explanations in chapters 02–10 of Bao la Kiswahili Japanese Complete Guide, by bao-la-kiswahili-ja contributors (2026). The explanations have been condensed, translated into English and adapted for this game. The diagrams have been newly drawn; the illustrated moves have been checked against the game engine.

The adapted explanatory text and diagrams on this page are provided under CC BY-SA 4.0 by bao-la-kiswahili-game contributors (2026). When sharing adaptations, retain attribution, link to the license, identify changes and use the same license. The game’s program code remains under its MIT license.

Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 (CC BY-SA 4.0)

Guide updated: October 8, 2026. This guide describes the takasia revision.

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